Which of the following are common symptoms of periodontal disease?

Gum inflammation is a hallmark symptom of periodontal disease, which primarily affects the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. This inflammation occurs due to the accumulation of plaque and tartar on the teeth, leading to gingivitis, the earliest stage of periodontal disease. As the condition progresses, the inflammation can result in redness, swelling, and tenderness of the gums.

The presence of gum inflammation serves as a vital clinical indicator for dental practitioners to recognize periodontal disease and implement appropriate treatment measures. Addressing this inflammation is crucial since it can lead to more severe forms of periodontal disease, which may involve attachment loss and bone loss around the teeth if left untreated.

Gum discoloration could also be linked to periodontal disease, as changes may occur in the color of the gums due to inflammation or disease progression, but it is not as universally recognized as a primary symptom as inflammation is. Tooth sensitivity typically relates to other dental issues rather than being a direct symptom of periodontal disease. Cavities are separate dental concerns affecting the hard tissues of teeth rather than the supporting structures like gums. Thus, gum inflammation stands out as the most common and significant symptom of periodontal disease.